Telehealth Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Reduce Anxiety in People Living with Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Feasibility Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of telehealth-based cognitive behavior therapy for people living with cognitive impairment experiencing anxiety (Tele-CBT), and to assess whether this leads to improvements in anxiety, depression, and quality of life post-intervention. METHODS: This was a single-blind randomized feasibility pilot trial of the Tele-CBT versus usual care. People living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia experiencing anxiety were recruited and randomized to receive Tele-CBT (n = 5) or continue usual care (n = 5). Feasibility data comprised recruitment uptake and retention, adherence, and ease of use. Outcomes of anxiety (primary outcome - Rating Anxiety in Dementia; RAID), depression, stress, and quality of life were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Intervention feasibility was demonstrated through minimal attrition, acceptability, and ease of use via videoconferencing. Both groups showed a decrease of anxiety symptoms (RAID) from baseline to post-assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The Tele-CBT program was acceptable to use via videoconferencing. Reduced anxiety symptoms were observed in both groups at post-. An RCT with a larger sample is required to determine the efficacy and implementation of the intervention. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study indicates the feasibility of videoconference CBT to address anxiety experienced by people living with cognitive impairment with minimal assistance from support persons.

Hemoglobin A1c in early pregnancy to identify preexisting diabetes mellitus and women at risk of hyperglycemic pregnancy complications.

BACKGROUND: Unrecognized diabetes mellitus during pregnancy could pose serious maternal and neonatal complications. A hemoglobin A1c level of ≥6.5% was used to diagnose both diabetes mellitus in nonpregnant individuals and diabetes in pregnancy. As the hemoglobin A1c level could be influenced by maternal physiological changes, the optimal cutoff in early pregnancy to detect women with diabetes in pregnancy and associated complications remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of various hemoglobin A1c levels and the optimal hemoglobin A1c cutoff to identify mothers with diabetes in pregnancy diagnosed by the gold standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test before 24 weeks of gestation. In addition, the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared using the optimal hemoglobin A1c cutoff. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2004 and 2019. Women with at least 1 risk factor of gestational diabetes mellitus received an oral glucose tolerance test before 24 weeks of gestation. Terminology of hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy by oral glucose tolerance test was classified as either diabetes in pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus following the World Health Organization's recommendation. Women who met the diagnostic criteria of diabetes in pregnancy and early-onset gestational diabetes mellitus (ie, before 24 weeks of gestation) and had a paired hemoglobin A1c measurement within 4 weeks of their early oral glucose tolerance test were studied. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values at various hemoglobin A1c cutoffs were calculated for the detection of diabetes in pregnancy. The optimal hemoglobin A1c level was identified from the constructed receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for pregnancy complications. RESULTS: There were 63,111 deliveries, and 22,949 women underwent an oral glucose tolerance test before 24 weeks of gestation. A total of 157 and 3210 women met the diagnostic criteria of diabetes in pregnancy and early-onset gestational diabetes mellitus using an oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. Only 346 participants had a paired hemoglobin A1c and oral glucose tolerance test measurement (82 cases with diabetes in pregnancy and 264 cases with early-onset gestational diabetes mellitus). The receiver operating characteristic curve identified an optimal hemoglobin A1c cutoff of 5.7% to diagnose diabetes in pregnancy, with a sensitivity of 64.6%, specificity of 81.1%, positive predictive value of 51.5%, and negative predictive value of 88.1%. A hemoglobin A1c cutoff of either 5.9% or 6.5% could miss 47.6% or 73.2% of women with diabetes in pregnancy. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, a hemoglobin A1c level of ≥5.7% increased the risk of maternal insulin use (adjusted odds ratio, 6.69; 95% confidence interval, 3.44-12.99), macrosomia (adjusted odds ratio, 7.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.90-29.00), and shoulder dystocia (adjusted odds ratio, 6.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.161-37.03). CONCLUSION: The optimal hemoglobin A1c cutoff to detect diabetes in pregnancy diagnosed using an oral glucose tolerance test before 24 weeks of gestation was 5.7%, but this cutoff could not reliably identify diabetes in pregnancy owing to the low sensitivity. However, an early hemoglobin A1c level of ≥5.7% indicated increased risks of pregnancy and neonatal complications.

First-trimester and early-second-trimester transvaginal cervical length before 16 weeks among women with preterm and term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the differences in first-trimester and early-second-trimester transvaginal cervical length between patients with spontaneous preterm birth and those with term birth. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched through August 2023. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies had to include (1) transvaginal cervical length measurement before 16+0 weeks of gestation and (2) transvaginal cervical length measurement in a population of patients who delivered preterm and at term. Abstracts, studies with duplicated data, and those with cervical length measured by transabdominal ultrasound scan were excluded. METHODS: K.W.C. and J.L. searched for, screened, and reviewed the articles independently. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model and pooled through a meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5727 published articles were identified. Only 10 studies (which analyzed 22,151 pregnancies) met the inclusion criteria. All studies excluded iatrogenic preterm birth. Transvaginal cervical length was significantly shorter in women with spontaneous preterm birth than in those who delivered at term (mean difference, -0.97; 95% confidence interval, -1.65 to -0.29; P=.005; I2=69%). When a linear technique was used to measure transvaginal cervical length, a significantly shorter transvaginal cervical length was associated with spontaneous preterm birth as opposed to term birth (mean difference, -1.09; 95% confidence interval, -1.96 to -0.21; P=.02; I2=77%). A shorter transvaginal cervical length measured by other techniques was also associated with spontaneous preterm birth before 34 to 35 weeks (mean difference, -1.87; 95% confidence interval, -3.04 to -0.70; P=.002; I2=0%). When studies where interventions were given for a "short" cervix or studies with a mean transvaginal cervical length ≥40 mm were excluded, a significantly shorter transvaginal cervical length was observed among those with spontaneous preterm birth (mean difference, -1.13; 95% confidence interval, -1.89 to -0.37; P=.004; mean difference, -0.86; 95% confidence interval, -1.67 to -0.04; P=.04; respectively). The optimal transvaginal cervical length cutoff was 38 to 39 mm, yielding pooled sensitivity of 0.80, specificity of 0.45, positive likelihood ratio of 1.16, negative likelihood ratio of 0.33, diagnostic odds ratio of 5.12, and an area under the curve of 0.75. CONCLUSION: Women with spontaneous preterm birth had significantly shorter transvaginal cervical length before 16 weeks of gestation compared with those who delivered at term. The linear method and the 2-line method are acceptable techniques for measuring transvaginal cervical length.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Videoconferencing CBT Intervention for Anxiety in People with Parkinson's Disease.

OBJECTIVES: In people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD), non-motor symptoms such as anxiety are common and have negative impacts on their quality of life. There are currently few interventions that address anxiety in PwPD, and access to diagnosis and treatment is often limited for those living in rural areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a telehealth videoconferencing CBT intervention for anxiety in PwPD. METHODS: A pre- and post-test feasibility study (N = 10) was conducted and evaluated utilizing the RE-AIM framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance). RESULTS: Lack of access to the internet and videoconferencing technology were identified as barriers to participation. Physical health issues also impacted recruitment and retention. Non-completers were significantly older and less likely to have a carer involved in the intervention. Clinician adoption of the intervention was low while participant acceptability of videoconferencing technology varied and required carer support. CONCLUSIONS: Providing access to technology and support to overcome technological issues, as well as telehealth training for clinicians, are recommended in future studies to improve recruitment, retention, and implementation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Identification of barriers and facilitators provides future studies with the knowledge to tailorize their program to better suit PwPD.

Perceptions and Challenges of Telehealth Obstetric Clinics Among Pregnant Women in Hong Kong: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

BACKGROUND: Integrating telehealth in an obstetric care model is important to prepare for possible infection outbreaks that require social distancing and limit in-person consultations. To ensure the successful implementation of obstetric telehealth in Hong Kong, it is essential to understand and address pregnant women's concerns. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess pregnant women's attitudes, concerns, and perceptions regarding telehealth obstetric clinic services in Hong Kong. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional questionnaire study at Queen Mary Hospital between November 2021 and August 2022. Utilizing a 5-point rating scale, the questionnaire aimed to capture pregnant women's preferences, expectations, feasibility perceptions, and privacy concerns related to telehealth clinic services. We used statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression, to compare questionnaire responses and investigate the association between advancing gestation and attitudes toward telehealth clinics. RESULTS: The study included 664 participants distributed across different pregnancy stages: 269 (40.5%) before 18 gestational weeks, 198 (29.8%) between 24 and 31 weeks, and 197 (29.7%) after delivery. Among them, 49.8% (329/664) favored face-to-face consultations over telehealth clinics, and only 7.3% (48/664) believed the opposite. Additionally, 24.2% (161/664) agreed that telehealth clinics should be launched for obstetric services. However, the overall preference for telehealth clinics was <20% for routine prenatal checkups (81/664, 12.2%) and addressing pregnancy-related concerns, such as vaginal bleeding (76/664, 11.5%), vaginal discharge (128/664, 19.4%), reduced fetal movement (64/664, 9.7%), uterine contractions (62/664, 9.4%), and suspected leakage of amniotic fluid (54/664, 8.2%). Conversely, 76.4% (507/664) preferred telehealth clinics to in-person visits for prenatal education talks, prenatal and postpartum exercise, and addressing breastfeeding problems. Participants were more comfortable with telehealth clinic tasks for tasks like explaining pregnancy exam results (418/664, 63.1%), self-administering urinary dipsticks at home (373/664, 56.4%), medical history-taking (341/664, 51.5%), and self-monitoring blood pressure using an electronic machine (282/664, 42.8%). %). During the postpartum period, compared to before 18 weeks of gestation, significantly more participants agreed that telehealth clinics could be an option for assessing physical symptoms such as vaginal bleeding (aOR 2.105, 95% CI 1.448-3.059), reduced fetal movement (aOR 1.575, 95% CI 1.058-2.345), uterine contractions (aOR 2.906, 95% CI 1.945-4.342), suspected leakage of amniotic fluid (aOR 2.609, 95% CI 1.721-3.954), fever (aOR 1.526, 95% CI 1.109-2.100), and flu-like symptoms (aOR 1.412, 95% CI 1.030-1.936). They were also more confident with measuring the symphysis-fundal height, arranging further investigations, and making diagnoses with the doctor via the telehealth clinic. The main perceived public health advantage of telehealth clinics was the shorter traveling and waiting time (526/664, 79.2%), while the main concern was legal issues from wrong diagnosis and treatment (511/664, 77.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Face-to-face consultation remained the preferred mode of consultation among the participants. However, telehealth clinics could be an alternative for services that do not require physical examination or contact. An increased acceptance of and confidence in telehealth was found with advancing gestation and after delivery. Enforcing stricter laws and guidelines could facilitate the implementation of telehealth clinics and increase confidence in their use among pregnant women for obstetric care.

A single-blind, parallel-group randomised trial of a Technology-assisted and remotely delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy intervention (Tech-CBT) versus usual care to reduce anxiety in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: study protocol for a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is commonly experienced by people living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Whilst there is strong evidence for late-life anxiety treatment using cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and delivery via telehealth, there is little evidence for the remote delivery of psychological treatment for anxiety in people living with MCI and dementia. This paper reports the protocol for the Tech-CBT study which aims to investigate the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, usability and acceptability of a technology-assisted and remotely delivered CBT intervention to enhance delivery of anxiety treatment for people living with MCI and dementia of any aetiology. METHODS: A hybrid II single-blind, parallel-group randomised trial of a Tech-CBT intervention (n = 35) versus usual care (n = 35), with in-built mixed methods process and economic evaluations to inform future scale-up and implementation into clinical practice. The intervention (i) consists of six weekly sessions delivered by postgraduate psychology trainees via telehealth video-conferencing, (ii) incorporates voice assistant app technology for home-based practice, and (iii) utilises a purpose-built digital platform, My Anxiety Care. The primary outcome is change in anxiety as measured by the Rating Anxiety in Dementia scale. Secondary outcomes include change in quality of life and depression, and outcomes for carers. The process evaluation will be guided by evaluation frameworks. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with a purposive sample of participants (n = 10) and carers (n = 10), to evaluate acceptability and feasibility, as well as factors influencing participation and adherence. Interviews will also be conducted with therapists (n = 18) and wider stakeholders (n = 18), to explore contextual factors and barriers/facilitators to future implementation and scalability. A cost-utility analysis will be undertaken to determine the cost-effectiveness of Tech-CBT compared to usual care. DISCUSSION: This is the first trial to evaluate a novel technology-assisted CBT intervention to reduce anxiety in people living with MCI and dementia. Other potential benefits include improved quality of life for people with cognitive impairment and their care partners, improved access to psychological treatment regardless of geographical location, and upskilling of the psychological workforce in anxiety treatment for people living with MCI and dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05528302 [September 2, 2022].

Characteristics of Maternal Mortality Missed by Vital Statistics in Hong Kong, 2000-2019.

Importance: Reducing maternal mortality is a global objective. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is low in Hong Kong, China, but there has been no local confidential enquiry into maternal death, and underreporting is likely. Objective: To determine the causes and timing of maternal death in Hong Kong and identify deaths and their causes that were missed by the Hong Kong vital statistics database. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted among all 8 public maternity hospitals in Hong Kong. Maternal deaths were identified using prespecified search criteria, including a registered delivery episode between 2000 to 2019 and a registered death episode within 365 days after delivery. Cases as reported by the vital statistics were then compared with the deaths found in the hospital-based cohort. Data were analyzed from June to July 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcomes of interest were maternal mortality, defined as death during pregnancy or within 42 days after ending the pregnancy, and late maternal death, defined as death more than 42 days but less than 1 year after end of the pregnancy. Results: A total of 173 maternal deaths (median [IQR] age at childbirth, 33 [29-36] years) were found, including 74 maternal mortality events (45 direct deaths and 29 indirect deaths) and 99 late maternal deaths. Of 173 maternal deaths, 66 women (38.2%) of individuals had preexisting medical conditions. For maternal mortality, the MMR ranged from 1.63 to 16.78 deaths per 100 000 live births. Suicide was the leading cause of direct death (15 of 45 deaths [33.3%]). Stroke and cancer deaths were the most common causes of indirect death (8 of 29 deaths [27.6%] each). A total of 63 individuals (85.1%) died during the postpartum period. In the theme-based approach analysis, the leading causes of death were suicide (15 of 74 deaths [20.3%]) and hypertensive disorders (10 of 74 deaths [13.5%]). The vital statistics in Hong Kong missed 67 maternal mortality events (90.5%). All suicides and amniotic fluid embolisms, 90.0% of hypertensive disorders, 50.0% of obstetric hemorrhages, and 96.6% of indirect deaths were missed by the vital statistics. The late maternal death ratio ranged from 0 to 16.36 deaths per 100 000 live births. The leading causes of late maternal death were cancer (40 of 99 deaths [40.4%]) and suicide (22 of 99 deaths [22.2%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of maternal mortality in Hong Kong, suicide and hypertensive disorder were the dominant causes of death. The current vital statistics methods were unable to capture most of the maternal mortality events found in this hospital-based cohort. Adding a pregnancy checkbox to death certificates and setting up a confidential enquiry into maternal death could be possible solutions to reveal the hidden deaths.

Hypomorphic and dominant-negative impact of truncated SOX9 dysregulates Hedgehog-Wnt signaling, causing campomelia.

Haploinsufficiency for SOX9, the master chondrogenesis transcription factor, can underlie campomelic dysplasia (CD), an autosomal dominant skeletal malformation syndrome, because heterozygous Sox9 null mice recapitulate the bent limb (campomelia) and some other phenotypes associated with CD. However, in vitro cell assays suggest haploinsufficiency may not apply for certain mutations, notably those that truncate the protein, but in these cases in vivo evidence is lacking and underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, using conditional mouse mutants, we compared the impact of a heterozygous Sox9 null mutation (Sox9+/-) with the Sox9+/Y440X CD mutation that truncates the C-terminal transactivation domain but spares the DNA-binding domain. While some Sox9+/Y440X mice survived, all Sox9+/- mice died perinatally. However, the skeletal defects were more severe and IHH signaling in developing limb cartilage was significantly enhanced in Sox9+/Y440X compared with Sox9+/-. Activating Sox9Y440X specifically in the chondrocyte-osteoblast lineage caused milder campomelia, and revealed cell- and noncell autonomous mechanisms acting on chondrocyte differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium. Transcriptome analyses of developing Sox9+/Y440X limbs revealed dysregulated expression of genes for the extracellular matrix, as well as changes consistent with aberrant WNT and HH signaling. SOX9Y440X failed to interact with ß-catenin and was unable to suppress transactivation of Ihh in cell-based assays. We propose enhanced HH signaling in the adjacent perichondrium induces asymmetrically localized excessive perichondrial osteogenesis resulting in campomelia. Our study implicates combined haploinsufficiency/hypomorphic and dominant-negative actions of SOX9Y440X, cell-autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms, and dysregulated WNT and HH signaling, as the cause of human campomelia.

SOX9 and SOX10 control fluid homeostasis in the inner ear for hearing through independent and cooperative mechanisms.

The in vivo mechanisms underlying dominant syndromes caused by mutations in SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9) and SOX10 (SOXE) transcription factors, when they either are expressed alone or are coexpressed, are ill-defined. We created a mouse model for the campomelic dysplasia SOX9Y440X mutation, which truncates the transactivation domain but leaves DNA binding and dimerization intact. Here, we find that SOX9Y440X causes deafness via distinct mechanisms in the endolymphatic sac (ES)/duct and cochlea. By contrast, conditional heterozygous Sox9-null mice are normal. During the ES development of Sox9Y440X/+ heterozygotes, Sox10 and genes important for ionic homeostasis are down-regulated, and there is developmental persistence of progenitors, resulting in fewer mature cells. Sox10 heterozygous null mutants also display persistence of ES/duct progenitors. By contrast, SOX10 retains its expression in the early Sox9Y440X/+ mutant cochlea. Later, in the postnatal stria vascularis, dominant interference by SOX9Y440X is implicated in impairing the normal cooperation of SOX9 and SOX10 in repressing the expression of the water channel Aquaporin 3, thereby contributing to endolymphatic hydrops. Our study shows that for a functioning endolymphatic system in the inner ear, SOX9 regulates Sox10, and depending on the cell type and target gene, it works either independently of or cooperatively with SOX10. SOX9Y440X can interfere with the activity of both SOXE factors, exerting effects that can be classified as haploinsufficient/hypomorphic or dominant negative depending on the cell/gene context. This model of disruption of transcription factor partnerships may be applicable to congenital deafness, which affects ∼0.3% of newborns, and other syndromic disorders.

Caring for a loved one with Parkinson's disease: the role of coping styles and relationship quality.

OBJECTIVE: Informal carers play an essential role in the care of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This role, however, is often fraught with difficulties, including emotional, physical, and financial. Coping styles and relationship quality have been hypothesized to influence the impact of stressors. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between carers' coping style, relationship quality, and carer burden. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-nine PD patient carer dyads were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed self-rated questionnaires including the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Zarit Burden Interview, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. RESULTS: Correlational analyses found significant and positive correlation between carer burden and all three coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional). There was also a moderate association between carers' perceived relationship quality and satisfaction and carer burden. Regression analyses found that carer's gender, severity of PD, relationship quality, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional coping styles did not predict carer burden. Conversely, problem-focused coping style predicted carer burden. CONCLUSION: The results highlight that there is no perfect way to react and care for a loved one and serves as important information for practitioners who design and implement interventions.

Designing Virtual Reality Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety in Older Adults Living with Parkinson's Disease: Integrating Literature for Scoping.

Objective: This review integrates literature to discuss the potential use of virtual reality (VR) in treatment of anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) and inform next steps.Methods: A systematic search was performed to identify studies of VR use in PD, using four databases. Data were reported in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).Results: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria with four VR studies from the same study group directly assessing the effects of anxiety on motor symptoms in PD. Primary studies implementing a VR protocol in PD identified focus areas of understanding and alleviating freezing of gait (FOG), balance training, and cognitive and motor rehabilitation, and informed design considerations.Conclusion: VR in PD studies suggested established feasibility. With appropriate design considerations, a VR based protocol could improve anxiety outcomes in PD.Clinical implications: VR in PD provides control of a patient's field of view, which can be exploited to induce specific responses, provide visual feedback, analysis of patient actions, and introduce safe challenges in the context of training. VR assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) tailored to suit subtypes of anxiety disorders in PD have the potential to improve the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy in PD.

PRIMUS: Comprehensive proteomics of mouse intervertebral discs that inform novel biology and relevance to human disease modelling.

Mice are commonly used to study intervertebral disc (IVD) biology and related diseases such as IVD degeneration. Discs from both the lumbar and tail regions are used. However, little is known about compartmental characteristics in the different regions, nor their relevance to the human setting, where a functional IVD unit depends on a homeostatic proteome. Here, we address these major gaps through comprehensive proteomic profiling and in-depth analyses of 8-week-old healthy murine discs, followed by comparisons with human. Leveraging on a dataset of over 2,700 proteins from 31 proteomic profiles, we identified key molecular and cellular differences between disc compartments and spine levels, but not gender. The nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) compartments differ the most, both in matrisome and cellularity contents. Differences in the matrisome are consistent with the fibrous nature required for tensile strength in the AF and hydration property in the NP. Novel findings for the NP cells included an enrichment in cell junction proteins for cell-cell communication (Cdh2, Dsp and Gja1) and osmoregulation (Slc12a2 and Wnk1). In NP cells, we detected heterogeneity of vacuolar organelles; where about half have potential lysosomal function (Vamp3, Copb2, Lamp1/2, Lamtor1), some contain lipid droplets and others with undefined contents. The AF is enriched in proteins for the oxidative stress responses (Sod3 and Clu). Interestingly, mitochondrial proteins are elevated in the lumbar than tail IVDs that may reflect differences in metabolic requirement. Relative to the human, cellular and structural information are conserved for the AF. Even though the NP is more divergent between mouse and human, there are similarities at the level of cell biology. Further, common cross-species markers were identified for both NP (KRT8/19, CD109) and AF (COL12A1). Overall, mouse is a relevant model to study IVD biology, and an understanding of the limitation will facilitate research planning and data interpretation, maximizing the translation of research findings to human IVDs.

Transformation of resident notochord-descendent nucleus pulposus cells in mouse injury-induced fibrotic intervertebral discs.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major cause of low back pain, occurs with ageing. The core of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), embedded in a proteoglycan-rich and gelatinous matrix, is derived from the embryonic notochord. With IDD, the NP becomes fibrous, containing fewer cells, which are fibroblastic and of unknown origin. Here, we used a lineage tracing strategy to investigate the origin of cells in the NP in injury-induced mouse IDD. We established a Foxa2 notochord-specific enhancer-driven Cre transgenic mouse model (Foxa2mNE-Cre) that acts only in the embryonic to foetal period up to E14.5, to genetically label notochord cells with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). When this mouse is crossed to one carrying a Cre recombinase reporter, Z/EG, EGFP-labelled NP cells are present even at 2 years of age, consistent with their notochordal origin. We induced tail IDD in Foxa2mNE-Cre; Z/EG mice by annulus puncture and observed the degenerative changes for 12 weeks. Soon after puncture, EGFP-labelled NP cells showed strong Col2a1+ expression unlike uninjured control NP. Later, accompanying fibrotic changes, EGFP-positive NP cells expressed fibroblastic and myofibroblastic markers such as Col1a1, ASMA, FAPA and FSP-1. The number of EGFP+ cells co-expressing the fibroblastic markers increased with time after puncture. Our findings suggest resident NP cells initially upregulate Col2a1+ and later transform into fibroblast-like cells during injury-mediated disc degeneration and remodelling. This important discovery concerning the cellular origin of fibrotic pathology in injury-induced IDD has implications for management in disease and ageing.

Theta and gamma connectivity is linked with affective and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: The progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) can often exacerbate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and/or cognitive impairment. In this study, we explore the possibility that multiple brain network responses are associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment in PD. This association is likely to provide insights into a single multivariate relationship, where common affective symptoms occurring in PD cohorts are related with alterations to electrophysiological response. METHODS: 70 PD patients and 21 healthy age-matched controls (HC) participated in a high-density electroencephalography (EEG) study. Functional connectivity differences between PD and HC groups of oscillatory activity at rest and during completion of an emotion-cognition task were examined to identify key brain oscillatory activities. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to identify a putative multivariate relationship between connectivity patterns and affective symptoms in PD groups. RESULTS: A CCA analysis identified a single mode of co-variation linking theta and gamma connectivity with affective symptoms in PD groups. Increases in frontotemporal gamma, frontal and parietal theta connectivity were related with increased anxiety and cognitive impairment. Decreases in temporal region theta and frontoparietal gamma connectivity were associated with higher depression ratings and PD patient age. LIMITATIONS: This study only reports on optimal dosage of dopaminergic treatment ('on' state) in PD and did not investigate at "off" medication". CONCLUSIONS: Theta and gamma connectivity during rest and task-states are linked to affective and cognitive symptoms within fronto-temporo-parietal networks, suggesting a potential assessment avenue for understanding brain-behaviour associations in PD with electrophysiological task paradigms.

ß1 Integrin regulates convergent extension in mouse notogenesis, ensures notochord integrity and the morphogenesis of vertebrae and intervertebral discs.

The notochord drives longitudinal growth of the body axis by convergent extension, a highly conserved developmental process that depends on non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. However, the role of cell-matrix interactions mediated by integrins in the development of the notochord is unclear. We developed transgenic Cre mice, in which the ß1 integrin gene (Itgb1) is ablated at E8.0 in the notochord only or in the notochord and tail bud. These Itgb1 conditional mutants display misaligned, malformed vertebral bodies, hemi-vertebrae and truncated tails. From early somite stages, the notochord was interrupted and displaced in these mutants. Convergent extension of the notochord was impaired with defective cell movement. Treatment of E7.25 wild-type embryos with anti-ß1 integrin blocking antibodies, to target node pit cells, disrupted asymmetric localization of VANGL2. Our study implicates pivotal roles of ß1 integrin for the establishment of PCP and convergent extension of the developing notochord, its structural integrity and positioning, thereby ensuring development of the nucleus pulposus and the proper alignment of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Failure of this control may contribute to human congenital spine malformations.

Directed Differentiation of Notochord-like and Nucleus Pulposus-like Cells Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Intervertebral disc degeneration might be amenable to stem cell therapy, but the required cells are scarce. Here, we report the development of a protocol for directed in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into notochord-like and nucleus pulposus (NP)-like cells of the disc. The first step combines enhancement of ACTIVIN/NODAL and WNT and inhibition of BMP pathways. By day 5 of differentiation, hPSC-derived cells express notochordal cell characteristic genes. After activating the TGF-ß pathway for an additional 15 days, qPCR, immunostaining, and transcriptome data show that a wide array of NP markers are expressed. Transcriptomically, the in vitro-derived cells become more like in vivo adolescent human NP cells, driven by a set of influential genes enriched with motifs bound by BRACHYURY and FOXA2, consistent with an NP cell-like identity. Transplantation of these NP-like cells attenuates fibrotic changes in a rat disc injury model of disc degeneration.

The CuePed Trial: How Does Environmental Complexity Impact Cue Effectiveness? A Comparison of Tonic and Phasic Visual Cueing in Simple and Complex Environments in a Parkinson's Disease Population with Freezing of Gait.

BACKGROUND: The optimal prescription of cueing for the treatment of freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently a difficult problem for clinicians due to the heterogeneity of cueing modalities, devices, and the limited comparative trial evidence. There has been a rise in the development of motion-sensitive, wearable cueing devices for the treatment of FoG in PD. These devices generally produce cues after signature gait or electroencephalographic antecedents of FoG episodes are detected (phasic cues). It is not known whether these devices offer benefit over simple (tonic) cueing devices. METHODS: We assembled 20 participants with PD and FoG and familiarized them with a belt-worn, laser-light cueing device (Agilitas™). The device was designed with 2 cueing modalities-gait-dependent or "phasic" cueing and gait-independent or "tonic" cueing. Participants used the device sequentially in the off, phasic, or tonic modes, across 2 tasks-a 2-minute walk and an obstacle course. RESULTS: A significant improvement in mean distance walked during the 2-minute walk test was observed for the tonic mode (127.3 m) compared with the off (111.4 m) and phasic (116.1 m) conditions. In contrast, there was a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in FoG frequency, duration, and course time when the device was switched from off to tonic and to phasic modes for the obstacle course. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinson's disease patients with FoG demonstrated an improvement in distance walked during the two-minute walk test when a cueing device was switched from off to phasic and to tonic modes of operation. However, this benefit was lost when patients negotiated an obstacle course.

Source activity during emotion processing and its relationship to cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Neural mechanisms contributing to an underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly understood. An effective method to probe cognitive processing deficits in PD is the examination of brain activity during emotional processes, particularly in explicit language emotion recognition contexts. METHODS: The present study utilised cortical source imaging of event related potentials (ERP) from electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate valence judgements on negative and neutral target words in an automatic affective priming paradigm. Fifty non-demented PD patients, unmedicated for depression or anxiety, completed affective priming tasks during EEG monitoring. Cognitive impairment was measured using the validated Parkinson's Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS). RESULTS: Results reveal that compared to healthy age-matched controls, PD patients demonstrate a reduced N400 activation during affective priming tasks in bilateral regions of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and, notably, have a late wave ERP component (LPP) in left MFG, present between 600 and 800 ms, following family-wise error correction (pFWE < 0.05). LPP in PD patients were significantly associated with PD-CRS scores. LIMITATIONS: Although affective priming paradigms are an effective means for various domains of cognition, it is not a focused cognitive behavioural test for cognitive dysfunction. Our study is thus limited to a surrogate measure of cognitive dysfunction via examination of emotional word processing cues. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that source imaging methods with ERP paradigms in PD are effective in identifying delayed cognitive processes in PD.

Depression symptomatology correlates with event-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: An affective priming study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a predominant non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is often under recognised and undertreated. To improve identification of depression in PD it is imperative to examine objective brain-related markers. The present study addresses this gap by using electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the processing of emotionally valanced words in PD. METHODS: Fifty non-demented PD patients, unmedicated for depression or anxiety, completed an affective priming task while EEG was simultaneously recorded. Prime and target word pairs of negative or neutral valence were presented at a short 250 ms stimulus onset asynchrony. Participants were asked to evaluate the valence of the target word by button press. Depression was measured using an established rating scale. Repeated measures analysis of covariance and correlational analyses were performed to examine whether event-related potentials (ERP) varied as a function of depression scores. RESULTS: Key ERP findings reveal reduced responses in parietal midline P300, N400 and Late Positive Potential (LPP) difference waves between congruent and incongruent neutral targets in patients with higher depression scores. LIMITATIONS: Comparisons of ERPs were limited by insufficient classification of participants with and without clinical depression. A majority of PD patients who had high depression scores were excluded from the analysis as they were receiving antidepressant and/or anxiolytic medications which could interfere with ERP sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the Pz-P300, N400 and LPP are ERP markers relates to emotional dysfunction in PD. These findings thus advance current knowledge regarding the neurophysiological markers of a common neuropsychiatric deficit in PD.

N400 and emotional word processing in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Emotional and cognitive disturbances are common complications in Parkinson's disease (PD). N400 is an event related potential (ERP) strongly linked to lexical-semantic processing and has demonstrated alterations in amplitude and latency when PD patients performed semantic priming tasks. The present study investigated the role of N400 in an automatic affective priming paradigm in PD. Other ERP components relevant to emotion processing were also examined. METHOD: Twenty-two PD patients and 17 healthy adults performed an automatic affective priming task while ERPs were recorded using 128 channels. Prime-target word pairs of negative or neutral valence were presented at a stimulus onset asynchrony of 250 ms. Participants were asked to evaluate the valence of the target word by button press. RESULTS: A larger N400 amplitude for incongruent compared with congruent neutral targets was observed at right central and parietal regions and did not differ between PD and controls. PD and controls also displayed larger P300 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for negative compared with neutral targets at central parietal and right frontal regions. In contrast, whereas controls showed a larger slow negative wave (SNW) for negative targets compared with neutral targets at left frontal and left central regions, PD group demonstrated a significant reduction in SNW amplitude difference at the left central region. CONCLUSION: N400 is intact in PD when processing evaluative judgments of emotional words. P300 and LPP were also intact in PD. The altered left central SNW in PD suggests an ERP marker for emotional dysfunction in PD. (PsycINFO Database Record